Copper 

• Data is presented from the mine or smelter and refinery perspective, covering the emissions up to production of LME-grade refined metal for more than 90% of global production
• Physical production parameters are presented, including ore mined, SxEw leached and milled, ore grades, strip ratios and by-product metal production

Skarn's copper mine, smelter and refinery analysis includes detailed breakdown of GHG emissions and energy inputs, by asset, with forecasts to 2030.

Emission data is presented as; total tonnes of CO₂e and emissions intensity, stated as tonnes of CO₂e per tonne of copper equivalent metal production.

For copper E₀ and E₁ emissions are defined as follows: 

E₀: Scope 1 and 2 emissions relating to the mine site or smelter/refinery. 

E₁: For mines, E₀ plus emissions from transport, smelting and refining.